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交易创建和签名

這页将讨论 Polkadot 的交易格式以及如何创建、签名和提交交易。 与其它教程的页面一样，这一页展示了一些可用的工具。 在整合时请前往每个工具的文档。

交易格式

Polkadot 有一些所有交易的基本交易信息。

• 地址(Address)：发送帐户的 SS58 编码地址。
• 区块哈希(Block Hash)： 检查站 区块。
• 区块编号(Block Number)：检查站区块的数量。
• 创世纪哈希 (Genesis Hash)：链的创世纪哈希。
• 元数据 (Metadata)：提交 runtime 的 SCALE 编码元数据。
• Nonce：此交易的nonce。
• Spec 版本：当前 runtime 的 spec 版本。
• Transaction Version: The current version for transaction format.
• Tip: Optional, the tip to increase transaction priority.
• Era Period: Optional, the number of blocks after the checkpoint for which a transaction is valid. If zero, the transaction is immortal.

从系统模块中查询的 nonce 不会考虑待处理的交易。如果您想要同时提交多个有效的交易，您必须跟踪并手动递增 nonce。

每个交易都有自己(与否)的参数添加。例如来自 Balances pallet 的 transferKeepAlive函数将需要：

• dest: 目标地址
• #[compact] value: 代币数量

一旦您有了必要的资料，您需要:

1. 创建未签名的交易
2. 创建签名的 payload。
3. payload 签名。
4. 将已签名的 payload 序列化为交易。
5. 提交序列化的交易。

Parity 提供了以下工具来帮助执行这些步骤。

Polkadot-JS Tools

Polkadot-JS Tools contains a set of command line tools for interacting with a Substrate client, including one called "Signer CLI" to create, sign, and broadcast transactions.

This example will use the signer submit command, which will create and submit the transaction. The signer sendOffline command has the exact same API, but will not broadcast the transaction. submit and sendOffline must be connected to a node to fetch the current metadata and construct a valid transaction. Their API has the format:

yarn run:signer <submit|sendOffline> --account <from-account-ss58> --ws <endpoint> <module.method> [param1] [...] [paramX]

Signing:

yarn run:signer sign --account <from-account-ss58> --seed <seed> --type <sr25519|ed25519> <payload>

例如我们从 121X5bEgTZcGQx5NZjwuTjqkoiG8B2wEAvrUFjuw24ZGZf2 发送0.5 DOT 到 15vrtLsCQF3qRYUcaEeh4JwepolNJkpsrqojqnZPc2y

yarn run:signer submit --account 121X5bEgTZcGQx5NZjwuTjqqKoiG8B2wEAvrUFjuw24ZGZf2 --ws ws://127.0.0.1:9944 balances.transferKeepAlive 15vrtLsCQFG3qRYUcaEeeEih4JwepocNJHkpsrqojqnZPc2y 500000000000

这将返回 payload 签名和等待签名。 使用这个 payload 并使用 你的正常签名环境 (例如 airgapped 電腦、 VM 等) 签 payload：

yarn run:signer sign --account 121X5bEgTZcGQx5NZjwuTjqqKoiG8B2wEAvrUFjuw24ZGZf2 --seed "pulp gaze fuel ... mercy inherit equal" --type sr25519 0x040300ff4a83f1...a8239139ff3ff7c3f6

保存输出并将其带到您要广播的电脑，输入 submit's 签名字段并发送交易(或如果使用 sendOffline，则只是退回 serialized 的交易)。

Tx Wrapper

If you do not want to use the CLI for signing operations, Parity provides an SDK called TxWrapper to generate and sign transactions offline. See the examples for a guide.

Import a private key

import { importPrivateKey } from '@substrate/txwrapper';

const keypair = importPrivateKey(“pulp gaze fuel ... mercy inherit equal”);

Derive an address from a public key

import { deriveAddress } from '@substrate/txwrapper';

// Public key, can be either hex string, or Uint8Array
const publicKey = “0x2ca17d26ca376087dc30ed52deb74bf0f64aca96fe78b05ec3e720a72adb1235”;
const address = deriveAddress(publicKey);

Construct a transaction offline

import { methods } from "@substrate/txwrapper";

const unsigned = methods.balances.transferKeepAlive(
  {
    dest: "15vrtLsCQFG3qRYUcaEeeEih4JwepocNJHkpsrqojqnZPc2y",
    value: 500000000000,
  },
  {
    address: "121X5bEgTZcGQx5NZjwuTjqqKoiG8B2wEAvrUFjuw24ZGZf2",
    blockHash: "0x1fc7493f3c1e9ac758a183839906475f8363aafb1b1d3e910fe16fab4ae1b582",
    blockNumber: 4302222,
    genesisHash: "0xe3777fa922cafbff200cadeaea1a76bd7898ad5b89f7848999058b50e715f636",
    metadataRpc, // must import from client RPC call state_getMetadata
    nonce: 2,
    specVersion: 1019,
    tip: 0,
    eraPeriod: 64, // number of blocks from checkpoint that transaction is valid
    transactionVersion: 1,
  },
  {
    metadataRpc,
    registry, // Type registry
  }
);

Construct a signing payload

import { methods, createSigningPayload } from '@substrate/txwrapper';

// See "Construct a transaction offline" for "{...}"
const unsigned = methods.balances.transferKeepAlive({...}, {...}, {...});
const signingPayload = createSigningPayload(unsigned, { registry });

Serialize a signed transaction

import { createSignedTx } from "@substrate/txwrapper";

// Example code, replace `signWithAlice` with actual remote signer.
// An example is given here:
// https://github.com/paritytech/txwrapper/blob/630c38d/examples/index.ts#L50-L68
const signature = await signWithAlice(signingPayload);
const signedTx = createSignedTx(unsigned, signature, { metadataRpc, registry });

Decode payload types

You may want to decode payloads to verify their contents prior to submission.

import { decode } from "@substrate/txwrapper";

// Decode an unsigned tx
const txInfo = decode(unsigned, { metadataRpc, registry });

// Decode a signing payload
const txInfo = decode(signingPayload, { metadataRpc, registry });

// Decode a signed tx
const txInfo = decode(signedTx, { metadataRpc, registry });

Check a transaction's hash

import { getTxHash } from ‘@substrate/txwrapper’;
const txHash = getTxHash(signedTx);

提交已签名的 Payload

There are several ways to submit a signed payload:

1. Signer CLI (yarn run:signer submit --tx <signed-transaction> --ws <endpoint>)
2. Substrate API Sidecar
3. RPC with author_submitExtrinsic or author_submitAndWatchExtrinsic, the latter of which will subscribe you to events to be notified as a transaction gets validated and included in the chain.

注意

Some addresses to use in the examples. See Subkey documentation.

$ subkey --network polkadot generate
Secret phrase `pulp gaze fuel ... mercy inherit equal` is account:
  Secret seed:      0x57450b3e09ba4598 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 219756eeba80bb16
  Public key (hex): 0x2ca17d26ca376087dc30ed52deb74bf0f64aca96fe78b05ec3e720a72adb1235
  Account ID:       0x2ca17d26ca376087dc30ed52deb74bf0f64aca96fe78b05ec3e720a72adb1235
  SS58 Address:     121X5bEgTZcGQx5NZjwuTjqqKoiG8B2wEAvrUFjuw24ZGZf2

$ subkey --network polkadot generate
Secret phrase `exercise auction soft ... obey control easily` is account:
  Secret seed:      0x5f4bbb9fbb69261a ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 4691ed7d1130fbbd
  Public key (hex): 0xda04de6cd781c98acf0693dfb97c11011938ad22fcc476ed0089ac5aec3fe243
  Account ID:       0xda04de6cd781c98acf0693dfb97c11011938ad22fcc476ed0089ac5aec3fe243
  SS58 Address:     15vrtLsCQFG3qRYUcaEeeEih4JwepocNJHkpsrqojqnZPc2y